{"id":8079,"date":"2014-10-10T16:14:12","date_gmt":"2014-10-10T15:14:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.caraa.fr\/les-techniques-moleculaires-2\/"},"modified":"2015-02-16T11:05:56","modified_gmt":"2015-02-16T10:05:56","slug":"molecular-technics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.caraa.fr\/en\/molecular-technics\/","title":{"rendered":"Molecular technics"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u2022 Raman microscopy<\/span> :<\/p>\n

Raman microscopy is a molecular and mineralogical technique that is very efficient for the characterization of metallic alteration products, dies, pigments or siliceous material. Raman microscopy or X-ray diffraction (DX) are often complementary to XRF and allow to obtain the molecular or mineral composition of pigments (e.g., hematite-Fe2O3, cinnabar-HgS-,-realgar As4S4-, malachite -Cu2(CO3)(OH)2). However, unlike X-ray diffraction, Raman microscopy also permit the analysis of organic (such as polymers or plastics) or amorphous materials (such as coal or graphite). <\/p>\n

\u2022 X-ray diffraction (XRD)<\/span> :<\/p>\n

When elemental analysis such as X-ray fluorescence allows to determine what, and in which proportions, are present the atoms in a sample, X-ray diffraction permits to know the organization of the matter. It allows for example, to distinguish the different alumina (aluminum oxide) although they all have exactly the same elemental composition. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction on crystalline material provides access to physical information on the crystals, including their size and orientation.
\nHowever, this technique can only be used on crystalline material, ie mainly rocks, metals, ceramics, and some organics.<\/p>\n

\u2022 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) <\/span> :<\/p>\n

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy is based on the absorption of infrared radiation by the material being analyzed. It enables, through the detection of characteristic vibrations of the chemical bonds, to carry out the analysis of the chemical functions present in the material.
\nThis technique is simple and not destructive. It allows the analysis of both organic and inorganic materials. From an FTIR spectrum, it is possible to identify the nature of a natural organic material or of synthetic ones, their oxidation state, the presence of mineral fillers and of a large number of colored pigments. It is mainly used in the field of Arts to characterize organic substances: binders, genuine materials or added during later restorations.<\/p>\n

\u2022 Liquid and gas chromatography coupled with masse spectroscopy (HPLC & GC-MS)<\/span> :<\/p>\n

Gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (HPLC) are, like all chromatographic techniques used to separate very complex and very diverse molecules from an organic mixture. They are therefore perfectly adapted to the analysis of the composition of many modern or ancient objects from the cultural heritage field (e.g. waxes, resins, gums, tannins, oils, etc.).
\nWhen mixtures are too complex or with a very high polarity, HPLC is then preferred to GC. It is used particularly in the analysis of the pigments, dyes, tannins or old resins.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u2022 Raman microscopy : Raman microscopy is a molecular and mineralogical technique that is very efficient for the characterization of metallic alteration products, dies, pigments or siliceous material. Raman microscopy or X-ray diffraction (DX) are often complementary to XRF and allow to obtain the molecular or mineral composition of pigments (e.g., hematite-Fe2O3, cinnabar-HgS-,-realgar As4S4-, malachite…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_FSMCFIC_featured_image_caption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_nocaption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_hide":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8079","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-material-characterization","category-25","description-off"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMolecular technics - CARAA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Molecular technics in use at CARAA\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.caraa.fr\/en\/molecular-technics\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Molecular technics - 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